IMT 2020 standard
IALA describes maritime use cases and applications for 5G Radio Interface Technologies (IMT 2020 RITs)
The International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) has been developing use cases and service requirements of Marine Aids to Navigation (Marine AtoN) including regulatory aspects for maritime safety, which may serve as input to support the development of IMT-2030 (6G RIT/SRIT) standardization. IALA has detailed some of use cases that IMT-2020 (5G RIT/SRIT) which have been applied in the maritime sector. They are requesting ITU-R WP5D to include those maritime use cases in the section 5.10 of the working document for the preliminary draft revision of Report ITU-R M.2527-0, titled “Applications of the Terrestrial Component of International Mobile Telecommunications for Specific Societal, Industrial, and Other Usages.”
IMT-2020 and beyond systems can be used to address such specific needs, such as:
− secure mechanism to associate an identity of a IMT-based device with a vessel identity;
− direct communication among vessels;
− communication between shore-based operations centers and vessels/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)/unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs);
− determining accurate position, heading and speed of IMT-based devices associated with a vessel identity, e.g. for maritime emergency requests or assisting IMT-based devices associated with other vessels with safety information;
− mechanisms of distributing a maritime emergency request received from a user endpoint (UE) to another UEs on a vessel.
− digitized workflows and processes, e.g. digital bunkering.
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Here are a few maritime use cases of IMT 2020:
1. Pilotage service and tug service
The use case on pilotage service is to provide shipboard users such as a pilot or a shipmaster and shore-based users such as pilot authorities, pilot organization or bridge personnel the exact information necessary to maneuver vessels over IMT systems through pilotage areas such as dangerous or congested waters and harbors or to anchor vessels in a harbor to safeguard traffic at sea and protect the environment.
A tug is a boat or ship that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs move vessels that either should not move by themselves (e.g. vessels passing in a narrow canal, berthing and unberthing operations) or those that cannot move by themselves (e.g. barges, disabled ships, oil platforms). The use case of tug service is described for ship assistance (e.g. mooring), towage (in harbor/ocean), or escort operations to safeguard traffic at sea and protect the environment by IMT systems.
2. Autonomous surface ships
The autonomous surface ship is one of the main streams for the digital transformation of the maritime sector. The demand for the high performance of maritime communication technologies is expected to be skyrocketing once autonomous surface ships become pervasive at sea or in rivers. In general, most ships are designed for a life of 25 to 30 years, which means that multiple radio access technologies are highly likely to coexist in the maritime sector across two or three generational evolutions of IMT systems that have been evolved every ten years so far. IMT-2020 technologies provide the feature on the support of the multiple radio access technologies (RATs).
The size of autonomous ships is varied, and the length of such ships can be from a few meters to a few hundreds of meters. In case of an autonomous ship with the length of a few hundred meters, the communications environment on its deck or inside the ship may be similar with the one of smart factory, smart farm, or smart campus where local networks over IMT-2020 and beyond systems provide mobile services only within their territories. The IMT-2020 technologies related to non-public networks are applicable to provide the mobile communication services for cabin crews, passengers, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices integrated into navigation systems of the ship on board on its deck or inside the ship.
In addition, the direct communication between two ships is applicable over IMT-2020 technologies and it will help autonomous surface ships efficiently exchange the information related to their navigation and maritime safety and avoid any delay of the information delivery which may cause a risk on the conflict between autonomous surface ships. IMT-2020 and beyond systems are expected to continue to enhance the support of the direct communication among ships to provide much longer communication coverage which is sufficient to satisfy the requirement of the maritime sector.
3. UAVs
As decarbonization efforts intensify in the maritime sector, novel ways are needed to reduce the carbon footprint of maritime operations in the port waters. UAVs is one such example that could achieve this. Take for example the management of the oil spill within port waters where multiple drone flights were conducted to capture high quality video footages for transmission back to the shore-based operations center via an IMT-2020 system.
Live high quality video footage was crucial to monitor and predict the movement of oil spills affected by waves, tides and wind, validate oil spill models, and allow better deployment of response assets.
Real-time video steaming service
Maritime incidents in the port waters are unavoidable, and speed is of the essence to resume normalcy for port and maritime operations. To ensure that emergency response teams are equipped to do so, standard operating procedures need to be periodically rehearsed and practiced to deal with such contingencies. During a ferry rescue exercise in Aug 2024, a simulation of collision between two domestic ferries, one electric and one diesel-powered, was carried out within port waters. The collision resulted in severe damage to the hull of the diesel-powered ferry, causing the vessel to take in water. An UUV was deployed from a vessel to conduct hull inspection of the diesel-powered ferry, and live high quality video footage was sent by IMT-2020 system to the shore-based operations centre for hull “damage” assessment to aid “rescue” operations.
Virtual marine Aids to Navigation (AtoN)
The term ‘marine Aids to Navigation (AtoN)’ means a device, system, or service which are external to a vessel, designed and operated to enhance safe and efficient navigation of all vessels or vessel traffic. Example of conventional types of such AtoN includes lighthouses, buoys, and day beacons. The maritime sector recently employed virtual marine AtoNs whose position information is broadcast to make ships identify them though they do not physically exist at sea. IMT-2020 technologies are applicable for the virtual marine AtoNs to enable their location information to be broadcast to ships on voyage around virtual marine AtoNs. In addition, more enhanced direct communication supporting the communication range sufficient for the maritime sector are expected to make IMT-2020 and beyond system attractive to the maritime sector because it may be useful to overcome the constraints of the maritime communication environment caused by the limited network infrastructure compared to the terrestrial communication environment.
Maritime services
The IMT-2020 technologies provide features that are useful for the communication among authorities, the emergency request, or the public warning. Mission critical services (e.g. mission critical push to talk, mission critical data service) over IMT-2020 system are applicable to the marine usage by enabling coast guard ships to efficiently exchange the information even in an isolated network at sea where coast guard ships are away from a shore and are unable to be connected to a core network on land.
IMT-2020 system also provides features for the public warning that are related to regulatory requirements. Additional enhancement of IMT-2020 technologies is expected to enhance the information related to marine regulatory requirements is integrated into features for the public warning.
Digitalization of bunkering processes and documentations such as electronic bunker delivery notes (eBDN), in alignment with IMO regulation 18 of MARPOL Annex VI, can be achieved IMT-2020[1] system within port waters. This will help to improve efficiency and productivity, increase transparency, enhance crew safety and facilitate interoperability between different systems.
Other use cases in ports
Automation and worker safety and retention are the key motivation for IMT applications at shipping ports. The world’s largest shipping ports operate 24 (hours) × 7 (days). In this dynamic environment, worker safety is a major concern. Another pain point for port operators is worker retention due to poor working conditions. For example, crane operators work in tight spaces, high above the ground, for an extended period. Remote control of crane operations, container trucks, and other heavy machinery in ports can alleviate these pain points. For instance, with real-time video streaming and analytics, a crane operator may be able to operate multiple lifts and cranes situated at an operations centre. As a result, remote operations can increase productivity, save labour costs, and improve worker safety.
Real-time video is critical for port security and remote control operations. Video surveillance is essential to maintaining port security. Real-time video surveillance with computer vision can be used to maintain security control and access. In addition to infrastructure security, real-time video is vital for handling heavy machineries, such as cranes and unmanned container trucks, in remote command and control operations. Private IMT-2020 networks promise superior coverage, low latency, and massive machine-type communications with fewer radios than existing RLAN-based meshing networks. While existing RLAN and meshing solutions are fine for fixed wireless applications, they are not reliable in dynamically changing mobile environments such as ports.
Drone inspection of port operations is another interesting IMT application found in shipping ports. In addition to drones, video-mounted cranes and containers tagged with sensors are used to track containers to help locate goods (within containers) in ports. Port operators are increasingly called upon to provide visibility of the supply chain to logistics and trucking companies and end customers in an increasingly connected world. As a result, port operators increasingly seek new technology solutions, such as private IMT-2020 and video analytics, to gain additional operational efficiency and compete against other port operators worldwide.
References:
International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation LIAISON NOTE TO ITU-R WORKING PARTY 5D, 13 December 2024
3GPP TR 22.819: Feasibility Study on Maritime Communication Services over 3GPP system
3GPP TS 22.119: Maritime Communication Services over 3GPP system; Stage 1
ITU-R: IMT-2030 (6G) Backgrounder and Envisioned Capabilities
IMT-2030 Technical Performance Requirements (TPR) from ITU-R WP5D
As defined in Resolution ITU-R 56-3, International Mobile Telecommunications-2030 (IMT-2030) systems are mobile systems that include new radio interface(s) which support enhanced capabilities and new capabilities beyond IMT‑2020, IMT-Advanced and IMT-2000. In Recommendation ITU-R M.2160 ‒ Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, the capabilities of IMT-2030 are identified, which aims to make IMT-2030 more capable, flexible, reliable and secure than previous IMT systems when providing diverse and novel services in the intended six usage scenarios (see figure below), including immersive communication, hyper reliable and low‑latency communication (HRLLC), massive communication, ubiquitous connectivity, artificial intelligence and communication, and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC).
IMT-2030 is expected to support enriched and potential immersive experience, enhanced ubiquitous coverage, and enable new forms of collaboration. Furthermore, IMT-2030 is envisaged to support expanded and new usage scenarios compared to those of IMT-2020, while providing enhanced and new capabilities. In accordance with the IMT-2030 (6G) timeline within ITU-R, development of IMT-2030 Technical Performance Requirements (TPR) is expected to start in ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) at the February 2024 meeting in Geneva.
- The IMT-2030 performance requirements are to be evaluated according to the criteria defined in Report ITU-R M.[IMT‑2030.EVAL] and Report ITU-R M.[IMT-2030.SUBMISSION] for the development of IMT-2030.
- Recommendation ITU-R M.2160 defines fifteen key “Capabilities of IMT-2030,” which form a basis for the [x] technical performance requirements to be specified in the forthcoming draft document.
In order to facilitate the work of this important phase of IMT-2030 development, Apple, China, and India separately proposed outlines or suggestions for a working document towards a preliminary draft new report on technical performance requirements of IMT-2030. Those contributions will be presented and discussed at the February 2024 ITU-R WP 5D meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.
The proposed technical performance parameters include:
Peak data rate, Peak spectral efficiency, User experienced data rate, 5th percentile user spectral efficiency, Average spectral efficiency, Area traffic capacity, Latency, User plane latency, Control plane latency, Connection density, Energy efficiency, Reliability, Mobility, Mobility interruption time, Bandwidth, Coverage, Positioning, Sensing, AI, Security, Sustainability, and Interoperability.
This work will certainly refer to IMT-2030 set of expected capabilities are outlined in ITU-R M.2160 Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, which was approved in November 2023. A broad variety of capabilities associated with envisaged usage scenarios, are described in that recommendation.
Huge caveat: It’s important to note that the IMT 2020 (5G) Technical Performance Parameters specified in ITU-R M.2410 for URLLC use case have STILL NOT BEEN achieved. Furthermore, the 3GPP spec for URLLC in the RAN has not been performance tested or submitted to ITU-R WP5D, even though it was “frozen” June 2020 in 3GPP Rel 16. Hence, one must wonder if this proposed IMT 2030 Performance Parameter spec will be yet another “paper tiger?”
References:
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2030/Pages/default.aspx
Draft new ITU-R recommendation (not yet approved): M.[IMT.FRAMEWORK FOR 2030 AND BEYOND]
IMT Vision – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond
IMT 2020.SPECS approved by ITU-R but may not meet 5G performance requirements; no 5G frequencies (revision of M.1036); 5G non-radio aspects not included
ITU-R report: Applications of IMT for specific societal, industrial and enterprise usages
At its June 2023 meeting (#44), ITU-R WP 5D has completed its work towards the development of a new report: ITU-R M.[IMT.APPLICATIONS] on Applications of IMT for specific societal, industrial and enterprise usages. WP5D agreed to elevate this PDNR to a Draft New Report (DNR).
Backgrounder:
Enterprises can generally expect reliable and secure network services with IMT (4G LTE and 5G) for fixed and mobile broadband applications across a wide coverage area. While there are subtle differences across different industrial sectors, IMT applications typically involve the following: video surveillance, remote control, autonomous vehicles and robots, automation, and immersive experiences.
The emergence of IMT-2020 “5G RAN” technologies provides manufacturers with the much-needed reliable connectivity solutions, enabling critical communications for wireless control of machines and manufacturing robots, and IoT sensor solutions, which will unlock the full potential of Industry 4.0.
Apart from manufacturing, many other industries are also looking at IMT-2020 technologies as the backbone for their equivalent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The opportunity to address industrial connectivity needs of a range of industries includes diverse segments with diverse needs, such as those in the mining, port, energy and utilities, automotive and transport, public safety, media and entertainment, healthcare, agriculture and education industries, among others.
Some recent trials of IMT-2020 technologies in port operations demonstrated the “3GPP 5G” capabilities for critical communications enablers such as ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) to support traffic control, AR/VR headsets and IoT sensors mounted on mobile barges and provided countless possibilities to improve efficiency and sustainability in the complex and changing industrial environments, e.g., ports and mining. Some ports are increasing/accelerating their adoption of digital processes, automation and other technologies to enhance efficiency and resiliency to crises such as a global COVID-19 pandemic.
Similarly, in mining exploration sites, the drilling productivity could be substantially increased through automation of its drills and other technologies. Additional savings from improved efficiency and sustainability could also lead to lower capital expenditures for mines (CapEx) as well as a better safety and working environments for their personnel.
An example of an application in health care that need critical communications supported by the capabilities of IMT-2020 is remote robotic surgery. A latency of one millisecond is critical in providing haptic feedback to a surgeon that is connected through a mobile connection to a surgical robot. A high data rate is needed to transfer high-definition image streams. As an ongoing surgery cannot be interrupted an ultra-reliable communication is needed to keep connection down-time and packet loss very low.
Integration of IMT-2020 networks with industrial communication networks:
‘Industrial 5G’ networks need to be integrated in existing industrial communication networks. In order to support this, a ‘5G LAN’ interface is necessary, that supports Virtual LANs and Ethernet. Furthermore, support of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and integration of IMT-2020 in industrial TSN networks is of importance. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is an important functionality of IEEE 802.1-based industrial communication networks in order to provide deterministic, reliable, real-time communication, and the integration of IMT-2020 networks and IEEE 802.1-based TSN networks is very beneficial.
The integration between the IEEE 802.1-based networks and the IMT-2020 networks can be through the ‘5G LAN’ service of the IMT-2020 network on the network side and/or on the UE side (see below Figure).
The integration on the UE side is used, for instance, in use cases where machinery, AGVs, or robots with their own internal network (wired, TSN) are connected to the backhaul part of the industrial communication network through an IMT-2020 link in order to enable mobility or tether less movements.
IEEE 802.1AS-based time synchronization is an important functionality in such industrial TSN communication networks. The accuracy of the time synchronization between the time transmitter (sync master) and any time receiver (sync device) needs to be in the range of 1 µs. The clock synchronization accuracy of the IMT-2020 system needs to be smaller than this value, since IMT-2020 network is only a part in this integrated industrial network.
Depending on the actual physical process, the actual cyber-physical control application, the design of the machinery, AGVs, and robots, and the design of the integrated industrial communication network, different mappings of TSN/time synchronization functionalities to IMT-2020 network elements are possible.
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Other important outputs from the June 2023 ITU-R WP 5D meeting:
- A related Draft New Report in the works: ITU-R M.[IMT.MULTIMEDIA] – Capabilities of the terrestrial component of IMT-2020 for multimedia communications.
- SWG IMT 2030 has submitted one draft new Recommendation ITU-R M. [IMT.FRAMEWORK FOR 2030 AND BEYOND] – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond together with the relevant Liaison Statements.
- The long delayed revision of ITU-R M.1036 Frequency Arrangements for Terrestrial IMT was agreed upon and will be forwarded to ITU-R SG 5 for approval.
References:
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2020/Pages/default.aspx
ITU-R M.2150-1 (5G RAN standard) will include 3GPP Release 17 enhancements; future revisions by 2025
ITU-R Recommendation M.2150 (previously known as IMT 2020) is being updated with new features for the 3GPP and ETSI-DECT 5G radio interface specifications in Annex 1, 2 and 4. This updated recommendation has been given the temporary name “M.2150-1.”
The main changes include the addition of enhanced capabilities for 3GPP 5G-SRIT (Set of Radio Interface Technologies), 3GPP 5G-RIT (Radio Interface Technology), DECT 5G-SRIT, and some consequential changes to the overview sections of the text, as well as to the Global Core Specifications.
This M.2150-1 revision is expected to be completed at ITU-R WP 5D meeting #44 which is June 13-22, 2023 in Geneva.
Annex 1: 3GPP 5G SRIT
The main purpose of this update is to align Rec. ITU-R M.2150 to the Release 17 December 2022 version of the 3GPP Specifications of 3GPP 5G-SRIT. The main features introduced in this update are:
– Addition of new modulation schemes for NB-IoT and LTE-M (LPWANs for IoT connectivity)
– The addition of new numerologies for NR;
– New logical channels and their mapping to physical channels;
– Reduced Capability (RedCap) NR devices.
Annex 2: 3GPP 5G RIT- aka “5G-NR”
The main purpose of this update is to align Rec. ITU-R M.2150 to the Release 17 December 2022 version of the 3GPP Specifications of 3GPP 5G-RIT. The main features introduced in this update are:
– The addition of new numerologies for NR
– New logical channels and their mapping to physical channels
– Reduced Capability (RedCap) NR devices.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Since 3GPP Release 16 5G-NR URRLC in the RAN spec has not been completed yet, it was not submitted to 5D for inclusion in M.2150-1. Therefore, ITU M.2150-1 still does not meet the URLLC Minimum Performance Requirements specified in ITU-R M.2410. In particular, 3GPP Rel 16 URRLC in the RAN:
| 1335 | 830074 | Physical Layer Enhancements for NR Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) | NR_L1enh_URLLC | 1 | Rel-16 | R1 | 6/15/2018 | 12/22/2022 | 96% | RP-191584 |
Annex 4: DECT 5G – SRIT
The DECT 5G – SRIT consists of two components: 1.] DECT-2020 NR and 2.] 3GPP 5G-NR. The followings contain the information for each of the component RITs.
– DECT-2020 NR component RIT The original submission contained the layers up to the ‘Medium Access Control’ layer. In this update the ‘Data Link Control’ (DLC) and ‘Convergence’ (CVG) layers have been added.
– 3GPP 5G- NR component RIT. The changes are identical to those in Annex 2. The main purpose of this update is to align Rec. ITU-R M.2150 to the Release 17 December 2022 version of the 3GPP Specifications of 3GPP 5G-RIT.
• The addition of new numerologies for NR
• New logical channels and their mapping to physical channels
• Reduced Capability (RedCap) NR devices.
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ITU-R WP5D meeting #43 considered future revisions of Recommendations ITU-R M.2150 (and ITU-R M.2012) after year 2023 and prepared initial and preliminary revision schedules in which revisions of both Recommendations would be completed by the end of 2025. That may or may not include what pundits label “5G-Advanced,” which is coming from 3GPP Release 18.
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Objectives for WP5D – WG Technology Aspects at the 44th WP 5D meeting (June 12-23, 2023 in Geneva):
i) finalize preliminary draft revision “after year 2021” of Recommendation ITU-R M.2150;
ii) finalize preliminary draft revision of Recommendation ITU-R M.2012-5;
iii) finalize the Report ITU-R M.[IMT.ABOVE 100GHz];
iv) finalize preliminary draft revisions of Recommendations ITU-R M.2070-1 and ITU‑R M.2071-1 “Generic unwanted emission IMT‑Advanced”;
v) continue working on OOBE BS/MS for IMT-2020 “Generic unwanted emissions IMT‑2020.”
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References:
IMT 2020.SPECS approved by ITU-R but may not meet 5G performance requirements; no 5G frequencies (revision of M.1036); 5G non-radio aspects not included
5G Specifications (3GPP), 5G Radio Standard (IMT 2020) and Standard Essential Patents
Executive Summary: IMT-2020.SPECS defined, submission status, and 3GPP’s RIT submissions
https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2410-2017
ETSI DECT-2020 approved by ITU-R WP5D for next revision of ITU-R M.2150 (IMT 2020)
https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/PR-2022-02-24-5G-Standards.aspx
https://www.3gpp.org/specifications-technologies/releases/release-17
ITU-R report in progress: Capabilities of the terrestrial component of IMT-2020 (5G) for multimedia communications
Introduction:
ITU-R WP5D is working on a preliminary draft of a report that addresses the capabilities of IMT-2020 to distribute multimedia content such as video, audio, text and graphics, including support for real-time multimedia interactive applications. The new report also addresses the capabilities of IMT-2020 user devices and base stations to support such multimedia communications with low latency and wider transmission bandwidth. It complements Report ITU-R M.2373 on “Audio-visual capabilities and applications supported by terrestrial IMT systems,” which addresses the capabilities of IMT systems for delivering audio-visual services to the consumers and also covers some aspects of production of audio-visual content.
Multimedia applications include network video, digital magazine, digital newspaper, digital radio, social media, mobile TV, digital TV, touch media, etc., that are enabled by IMT-2020 technologies. Beyond the traditional media service, the new media application not only supports accurate delivery of content, but also supports real-time interaction and real-time uploading of user-generated content. The users can be both consumers and producers of new media content.
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Editor’s Note:
Ultra low latency is needed to support almost any type of multimedia applications. In particular, the URLLC performance requirements must meet those specified in ITU-R M.2410 –Key requirements related to the minimum technical performance of IMT-2020 candidate radio interface technologies. The current version of IMT 2020 (ITU-R M.2150) doesn’t meet the M.2410 ultra low latency requirement of <1ms in the data plane and <10msec in the control plane. Until 3GPP Release 16 URLLC in the RAN spec is completed and performance tested, we don’t expect any serious use of 5G for multimedia applications.
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Applications for multimedia content include but are not limited to:
– audio-visual applications,
– network video applications,
– digital online magazine applications,
– digital online newspaper applications,
– internet radio applications,
– social media applications,
– mobile internet TV applications,
– touch media applications,
– online information distribution applications,
– on-demand video applications
– imaging and audio distribution applications
– content dissemination applications
– file delivery application
_ Real time uploading of multimedia content
_ Electronic classroom presentation technology
_ Full motion video conferencing
This report covers the application of IMT technology to the specific applications mentioned above. For details of applications of the Broadcasting service for multimedia, please refer to the list of ITU‑R Recommendations and ITU-R Reports below.
Relevant ITU-R Recommendations and Reports:
- Recommendation ITU-R BT.1833 – Broadcasting of multimedia and data applications for mobile reception by handheld receivers
- Recommendation ITU-R BT.2016 – Error-correction, data framing, modulation and emission methods for terrestrial multimedia broadcasting for mobile reception using handheld receivers in VHF/UHF bands
- Recommendation ITU-R M.2083 – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond
- Recommendation ITU-R M.2150 – Detailed specifications of the terrestrial radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020)
- Report ITU-R BT.2049 – Broadcasting of multimedia and data applications for mobile reception
- Report ITU-R BT.2295 – Digital terrestrial broadcasting systems
- Report ITU-R M.2373 – Audio-visual capabilities and applications supported by terrestrial IMT systems
Multimedia Use cases:
- Ultra-high-definition multimedia content
- Virtual reality (VR) panoramic video
- Augmented Reality (AR)
- Entertainment live streaming
- Live eCommerce (use of live webcast technology to carry out new sales methods)
- Smart venue (new viewing experiences at live events or activities)
- Live streaming production and distribution of events
IMT-2020 capabilities for real-time multimedia interaction and media content uploading:
Interactive multimedia allows the user to control, combine and manipulate a variety of media types, such as text, computer graphics audio and video materials, animation and virtual reality.
To enable interactive task completion during voice conversation, IMT-2020 is capable of supporting low-delay speech coding for interactive conversational services (refer 3GPP TS22.261, 100 ms, one-way mouth-to-ear).
Table 1. below (from 3GPP TS 22.261 Table 7.1-1.) gives a capability example of IMT-2020 to support high data rate and traffic density scenario for an interactive audio and video application in indoor hotspot.
Table 1. High data rate and traffic density scenario of IMT-2020 for an interactive audio and video application
| Scenario | Experienced data rate (DL) | Experienced data rate (UL) | Area traffic capacity (DL) | Area traffic capacity (UL) | Overall user density | Activity factor | UE speed | Coverage |
| Indoor hotspot | 1 Gbit/s | 500 Mbit/s | 15 Tbit/s/km2 | 2 Tbit/s/km2 | 250 000/km2 | Note 2 | Pedestrians | Office and residential (Note 1) |
| NOTE 1: A certain traffic mix is assumed; only some users use services that require the highest data rates. | ||||||||
Conclusions:
This report (in progress) summarizes various capabilities of terrestrial component of IMT-2020 for Multimedia communications. Multimedia is an immersive technological way of presenting information that combines audio, video, images, and animations with textual data. Multimedia applications include network video, digital magazine, digital newspaper, digital radio, social media, touch media, etc., and can be easily enabled using IMT-2020. New emerging technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are becoming key technologies to upgrade the traditional multimedia industries.
The IMT-2020 capabilities can support the evolving interactive multimedia communication with the capabilities not only broader bandwidth, higher data rate, but also lower latency and higher reliability.
The typical technologies are flexible and dynamic resources allocation, uplink enhancement e.g. UL MIMO, UL Carrier Aggregation and Dual connectivity, and related architecture improvement, which can connect the user to a high-definition video, real-time multimedia interaction virtual world on their mobile device.
Live events with high definition and ultra-high definition content can be streamed via IMT-2020 radio network with higher throughput. HD and UHD content (e.g. news, sport event) can be real-time produced and on demand distributed to mobile devices without any interruptions through IMT-2020 higher user experienced data rate and low latency. The entertainment industry will hugely benefit from IMT-2020 wireless networks, which are expected to enable HD virtual reality games with a better real-time interactive gaming experience, and high dynamic range video streaming without interruption. Cloud AR and Cloud VR with HD or UHD video can be supported with higher user experienced data rate and low latency supported by IMT-2020. It is foreseeable that with the support of IMT-2020 technology, it will gradually bring consumers more amazing virtual experiences.
References:
Evaluating Multimedia Protocols on 5G Edge for Mobile Augmented Reality
https://www.routledge.com/5G-Multimedia-Communication-Technology-Multiservices-and-Deployment/Bojkovic-Milovanovic-Fowdur/p/book/9780367561154
https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220413/5g/what-is-the-5g-multimedia-priority-service-mps
IMT 2020.SPECS approved by ITU-R but may not meet 5G performance requirements; no 5G frequencies (revision of M.1036); 5G non-radio aspects not included
ITU-R Reports in Progress: International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) including IMT 2020
Working documents toward preliminary draft new ITU-R reports from WP5D:
M.[IMT.MULTIMEDIA] – Capabilities of the terrestrial component of IMT-2020 for multimedia communications
M.[IMT.INDUSTRY] – Addresses the usage, technical and operational aspects and capabilities of IMT for meeting specific needs of societal, industrial and enterprise usages.
M.[IMT.AAS] – Measurements and mathematical modelling of Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) in IMT-2020 systems
M.[HIBS-CHARACTERISTICS] – Related to WRC-23 agenda item 1.4 – Spectrum needs, usage and deployment scenarios, and technical and operational characteristics for the use of high-altitude platform stations as IMT base stations (HIBS) in the mobile service in certain frequency bands below 2.7 GHz
New draft Recommendations:
M.[FSS_ES_IMT_26GHz] – Guidelines to assist administrations to mitigate interference from FSS earth stations into IMT stations operating in the frequency bands 24.65-25.25 GHz and 27-27.5 GHz
References:
https://www.itu.int/md/R19-WP5D-C-1361/en
ITU-R Future Report: high altitude platform stations as IMT base stations (HIBS)
ITU-R Future Report: high altitude platform stations as IMT base stations (HIBS)
ETSI DECT-2020 approved by ITU-R WP5D for next revision of ITU-R M.2150 (IMT 2020)
ETSI DECT-2020 NR, the world’s first non-cellular 5G technology standard, will be included in the next revision of ITU-R M.2150, aka IMT-2020 technology recommendation as per the conclusion of ITU-R WP 5D’s 39th (virtual) meeting on Oct 15, 2021.
[Separately, Nufront’s IMT 2020 RIT submission has been withdrawn for consideration in the next M.2150 revision, but maybe submitted in the future. The 5D SWG on Frequency Arrangements could not agree on a revision of ITU-R M.1036 Frequency Arrangements for Terrestrial IMT, which now can’t be approved till November 2022’s ITU-R SG 5 meeting. That means there is no standard for 5G frequencies, which hasn’t bothered the FCC which is considering licensing frequencies that are not being considered for M.1036, e.g. 12GHz.]
The “DECT-2020 NR” Radio Interface Technology (RIT) is designed to provide a slim but powerful technology foundation for wireless applications deployed in various use cases and markets. It utilizes the frequency bands below 6 GHz identified for International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) in the ITU Radio Regulations.
The DECT-2020 radio technology includes, but is not limited to: Cordless Telephony, Audio Streaming Applications, Professional Audio Applications, consumer and industrial applications of Internet of Things (IoT) such as industry and building automation and monitoring, and in general solutions for local area deployments for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) as envisioned by ITU-R for IMT-2020.
According to an email to this author, ETSI supports this DECT RIT mainly because of its URLLC capabilities (3GPP Release 16 URLLC in the RAN has yet to be completed and performance tested).
DECT-2020 NR is claimed by its sponsor to be a technology foundation is targeted for local area wireless applications, which can be deployed anywhere by anyone at any time. The technology supports autonomous and automatic operation with minimal maintenance effort. Where applicable, interworking functions to wide area networks (WAN). e.g. PLMN, satellite, fiber, and internet protocols foster the vision of a network of networks. DECT-2020 NR can be used as foundation for: Very reliable Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Links provisioning (e.g. cable replacement solutions); Local Area Wireless Access Networks following a star topology as in classical DECT deployment supporting URLLC use cases, and Self-Organizing Local Area Wireless Access Networks following a mesh network topology, which enables to support mMTC use cases.
Dr. Günter Kleindl, Chair of the ETSI Technical Committee DECT, said:
“With our traditional DECT standard we already received IMT-2000 approval by ITU-R twenty-one years ago, but the requirements for 5G were so much higher, that we had to develop a completely new, but compatible, radio standard.”
Released last year and revised in April 2021, this ETSI standard sets an example of future connectivity: the infrastructure-less and autonomous, decentralized technology is designed for massive IoT networks for enterprises. It has no single points of failure and is accessible to anyone, costing only a fraction of the cellular networks both in dollars and in carbon footprint.
The IoT standard, defined in ETSI TS 103 636 series, brings 5G to the reach of everyone as it lets any enterprise set up and manage its own network autonomously with no operators anywhere in the world. It eliminates network infrastructure, and single point of failure – at a tenth of the cost in comparison to cellular solutions. It also enables companies to operate without middlemen or subscription fees as well as store and consume the data generated in the way they see best fitting for them (on premises, in public cloud or anything in between).
Another democratizing aspect is the frequency. This new ETSI 5G standard supports efficient shared spectrum operation enabling access to free, international spectrums such as 1,9 GHz.
Jussi Numminen, Vice Chair of the ETSI Technical Committee DECT, explains:
“There’s a lot of talk about private networks but this is the first 5G technology which can support shared spectrum operation and multiple local networks in mobile system frequencies. We see this as a fundamental requirement for massive digitalization for everyone. With the ETSI standard you get immediately access to a free, dedicated 1,9 GHz frequency internationally. It is a perfect match for massive IoT.”
Non-cellular 5G is built on completely different principles from cellular 5G. One of the biggest differences – and advantages – is the decentralized network. In a non-cellular 5G network, every device is a node, every device can be a router – as if every device was a base station. The devices automatically find the best route; adding a new device into the network routing works autonomously as well and if one device is down, the devices will re-route by themselves. It means reliable communication eliminating single point of failures.
The standard fulfills both massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) requirements of 5G. Reliably connecting thousands and even millions of devices is one of the cornerstones for demanding industrial 5G systems. DECT-2020 NR supports local deployments without separate network infrastructure, network planning or spectrum licensing agreements making it affordable and easy to access by anyone and anywhere.
A decentralized mesh with short hops and small transmission power also means a significantly lower carbon footprint of the communications system. A recent study in Tampere University in Finland saw an approximately 60% better energy efficiency at system level compared to traditional cellular topology with the same radio energy profile.
The ETSI DECT-2020 NR standard consists of four parts, published in April 2021:
MAC: ETSI TS 103 636-4 V1.2.1 (2021-04)
PHY: ETSI TS 103 636-3 V1.2.1 (2021-04)
Radio reception and transmission requirements: ETSI TS 103 636-2 V1.2.1 (2021-04)
Overview: ETSI TS 103 636-1 V1.2.1 (2021-04)
Note: Updates are being prepared
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This standard is well suited for businesses such as smart meters, Industry 4.0, building management systems, logistics and smart cities. It will assist in the urbanization, building, and energy consumption in the construction of these smart cities. It also opens opportunities for new use cases, scaling at mass the levels of communication for the future. The energy transition from fossil fuels to electricity boost local renewable energy production and consumption market requiring new communication capabilities. This creates a circular economy and allows for the traceability of goods, raw materials and waste.
Finland-based Wirepas received €10 million in funding to develop and bring to market the first technology solutions for non-cellular 5G based on the new DECT-2020 NR wireless connectivity standard announced by ETSI in October 2020. Wirepas said it was the main contributor to the development of the DECT-2020 New Radio (NR) standard.
ETSI DECT-2020 NR in a nutshell:
- No middleman
- No infrastructure
- No subscription fees
- Free dedicated international frequency
- Dense and massive network capabilities
- One tenth of the cost of cellular
- Lowest carbon footprint of large-scale networks
Editor’s Note: We’ve invited ETSI to submit an IEEE Techblog article providing additional information and applications for the ETSI DECT-2020 NR standard.
About ETSI:
ETSI provides members with an open and inclusive environment to support the development, ratification and testing of globally applicable standards for ICT systems and services across all sectors of industry and society. We are a non-profit body, with more than 950 member organizations worldwide, drawn from 64 countries and five continents. The members comprise a diversified pool of large and small private companies, research entities, academia, government, and public organizations. ETSI is officially recognized by the EU as a European Standards Organization (ESO). For more information, please visit us at https://www.etsi.org/
References:
https://www.eetimes.eu/wirepas-receives-e10m-to-develop-first-non-cellular-5g-technology/
ITU-R WP 5D new reports on IMT for PPDR applications, Terrestrial IMT for Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything, 6G Vision & more
At its March 2021 virtual meeting, ITU-R WP5D completed a revision of the report ITU-R M.2291-1 – The use of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) for broadband Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) applications includes the IMT-2020 and 5G aspects in this public safety focused report to update the current report which was only based on IMT-Advanced 3GPP LTE technology. This revision was completed by ITU-R WP 5D and forwarded to Study Group 5 for action when they next meet in November 2021.
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ITU-R M.[IMT.C-V2X] – The use of the terrestrial component of IMT systems for Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything
WP 5D is also developing a draft new report ITU-R M.[IMT.C-V2X] – The use of the terrestrial component of IMT systems for Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything is intended to addresses the mutual relationship between IMT technologies and Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) as a specific application and elements of functions in IMT technologies that are used to realize C-V2X application.
Further, the report provides details on Overview on Usage of IMT technology, use cases, relationship between IMT and C-V2X, characteristics and capabilities supported by IMT, and case studies associated with C-V2X for the various scenarios including eMBB, mMTC, and URLLC of terrestrial component of IMT.
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Development of draft new report ITU-R M.[IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS TOWARDS 2030 AND BEYOND]
The draft new Report ITU-R M.[IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS TOWARDS 2030 AND BEYOND] is intended as a precursor to a “beyond IMT-2020” vision document for 6G that ITU-R WP 5D intends to produce in 2022. This trends report will assess where the technology is, and the current uses are for IMT-2020/5G and seek to identify the gaps and technical enablers anticipated to be necessary in the 2030 timeframe.
Furthermore, the expectation is that this Report will energize the academic and technology community to engage in the research and developments necessary to underpin a “beyond IMT-2020 and 6G view) as just focusing on new uses cases is insufficient to build such a future and the technology evolution requires a long lead time to fruition.
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Development of draft new report ITU-R M.[IMT TERRESTRIAL BROADBAND REMOTE COVERAGE]
The draft new Report ITU-R M.[IMT TERRESTRIAL BROADBAND REMOTE COVERAGE] – Terrestrial IMT for remote sparsely populated areas providing high data rate coverage is intended to provide details on scenarios associated with the provisioning of enhanced mobile broadband services to remote sparsely populated and underserved areas with a discussion on enhancements of user and network equipment.
It will distinguish between extending coverage on already deployed network and defining a use/case for deployment environment and is meant to meant to evaluate technical solutions required to extend the coverage of IMT system rather than discussing deployment layout for rural environments. The completion dates have been extended to the 39th WP 5D meeting (October 2021).
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Development of a draft new report ITU-R M.[IMT 2020.TDD.SYNCHRONIZATION]
The draft new report ITU-R [IMT2020.TDD.SYNCHRONIZATION] is intended to address the study of the aspects of synchronization operations of multiple IMT-2020 TDD networks in close proximity using the same frequency band, including analyses of coexistence issues when IMT operators utilize different synchronization modes, performance evaluation under different synchronization modes, and coexistence mitigation strategies.
The Report considers the further impacts of the introduction of technical advancement such as active antenna systems, etc. The completion dates were extended to the 41st WP 5D meeting (June 2022).
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Source: Chairman’s Report 37th e-meeting of Working Party 5D (1-12 March 2021 – Virtual), April 13, 2021
ITU-R M.2150: Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of IMT-2020
The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) has recently published Recommendation ITU-R M.2150 titled ‘Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of IMT-2020.’ The newly published Recommendation, formerly called ‘IMT-2020.specs,’ represents a set of three terrestrial radio interface specifications which have been combined into a single document.
The current version of this Recommendation on IMT-2020 specifications (Recommendation ITU-R M.2150) contains 3 radio interface technologies: “3GPP 5G-SRIT”; “3GPP 5G-RIT” and “5Gi” (India/TSDSI). Those technologies are the basis for the implementation of 5G Radio Access Networks (RANs) around the world. After a period of 7-8 years of hard work across the industry, the evaluation of these 3 IMT-2020 technologies has culminated in an approval from ITU’s 193 Member States.
Two more radio interface proposals, submitted by ETSI/DECT Forum and Nufront, have been granted an exceptional review within the IMT-2020 process extension. Based on consideration of additional material, if they successfully complete the evaluation process they will be included in a subsequent revision Recommendation ITU-R M.2150.
It is important to note that the frequencies/spectrum arrangements to be used are not specified in M.2150. Instead they are contained in a yet to be completed revision of ITU-R M.1036: ‘Frequency arrangements for implementation of the terrestrial component of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) in the bands identified for IMT in the Radio Regulations.’
5G NR (New Radio) wireless mobile communications will bring higher data rates, reduced latency, and greater system capacity. The first implementation of 5G NR uses existing 4G LTE infrastructure in a non-standalone (NSA) mode.
A full 5G standalone (SA) mode that does not rely on LTE is being progressed by 3GPP which does not plan to liaise their documents to ITU-T. Indeed, it appears that all non-radio aspects of IMT 2020 will be specified by 3GPP and network operators in conjunction with their 5G Core network suppliers.
To facilitate the smooth evolution from 4G LTE to 5G NR, the 5G NR standard offers the possibility of adapting to existing LTE deployments and sharing the spectrum used exclusively by LTE today. The enabling mechanism, known as “dynamic spectrum sharing” (DSS), allows 5G NR and 4G LTE to coexist while using the same spectrum and as such allowing network operators a smooth transition from LTE to 5G NR – presenting one option for an economically viable evolution.
ITU-R Working Party 5D has invited organizations within and external to the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) to provide inputs for its June and October meetings in 2021, which will help the development of the forthcoming report “Future Technology Trends towards 2030 and beyond.” A first draft of this new report contains a list of driving factors in the design of IMT technology, as well as a list of possible technologies to enhance the performance and precision of both the radio interface and radio network.
References:
https://www.itu.int/en/myitu/News/2021/02/02/09/20/Beyond-5G-IMT-2020-update-new-Recommendation
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2020/Pages/default.aspx
Learn more about IMT-2020 on the relevant website and the accompanying FAQ. If you have particular technical or IMT-process related questions, you can also approach the ITU-R SG 5 Counsellor.
IMT 2020.SPECS approved by ITU-R but may not meet 5G performance requirements; no 5G frequencies (revision of M.1036); 5G non-radio aspects not included
ITU-R Approves IMT 2020.SPECS:
At it’s November 23rd meeting, ITU-R SG 5 approved WP5D’s draft recommendation IMT 2020.SPECS which is the first official 5G RAN standard. The document contains the description and implementation details for three new technologies that conform with the International Mobile Telecommunications 2020 (IMT-2020) vision, but this author (and others) do not believe they meet the ITU M.2410 Performance Requirements for the URLLC (ultra reliable, ultra low latency communications) 5G use case. That is because 3GPP’s 5G NR enhancements for URLLC in the RAN had not been completed or performance tested when 3GPP Release 16 was frozen in early July 2020 (see detailed description below) and is therefore NOT included in the IMT 2020.SPECS detailed implementation for 5G NR.
The three Radio Interface (RIT)/Set of Radio Interface (SRIT) Technologies are: 3GPP 5G-SRIT and 3GPP 5G-RIT submitted by 3GPP (contains both Release 15 and 16 functionality), and 5Gi submitted by Telecommunications Standards Development Society India (TSDSI). The 3GPP submissions include support by China and South Korea, which had submitted their own RIT’s that were determined to be “technically identical” with 3GPP’s 5G NR submission so they were effectively combined into one RIT.
TSDSI’s RIT is based on the 3GPP 5G NR RIT with additional functionality to support “Low Mobility Large Cell” (LMLC). The TSDSI-RIT incorporates India specific technology enhancements that can enable longer coverage for meeting the LMLC requirements. The TSDSI-RIT, which is mainly to address the LMLC requirements, exploits a new transmit waveform that increases cell range developed by research institutions in India (IIT Hyderabad, CEWiT and IIT Madras) and supported by several Indian companies. It enables low cost rural coverage. It has additional features which enable higher spectrum efficiency and improved latency. TSDSI-RIT is a key enabler for 5G based rural broadband usage scenario in India and similarly placed geographies.
Author’s NOTEs:
1. It is critically important to understand that IMT 2020.SPECs only apply to the 5G RAN and NOT the 5G core network or any other non-radio aspects of 5G. Also, that the frequencies to be used for 5G RAN are specified in a YET TO BE COMPLETED revision to ITU M.1036 recommendation which should include WRC 19 frequency arrangements (especially for mmWave spectrum).
–>That means there are no official guidelines on what frequencies might be used with any of the IMT 2020 RITs specified.
2. Here’s a description of the ITU-R recommendations that were used for evaluation of IMT 2020 RIT/SRIT submissions to ITU-R WP5D:
- ITU-R M.2410 describes key requirements related to the minimum technical performance of IMT-2020 candidate radio interface technologies.
- ITU-R M.2411 deals with the requirements, evaluation criteria, and submission templates, providing service, spectrum, and technical performance requirements.
- ITU-R M.2412 provides guidelines for the procedure, the methodology, and the criteria (technical, spectrum, and service) to be used in the IMT 2020 evaluation process.
With these documents, the evaluation procedure is designed in such a way that the overall performance of the candidate RITs/SRITs is fairly and equally assessed on a technical basis, ensuring that the overall IMT-2020 objectives are met.
Reference:
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2020/Pages/submission-eval.aspx
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During the multi-year development and evaluation process by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), these technologies were deemed to be sufficiently detailed to enable worldwide compatibility of operation and equipment, including roaming.
The outcome of this first release of IMT-2020 supporting 5G is a set of terrestrial radio interface specifications which are incorporated into a global standard in the ITU-R Recommendation titled ‘Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of IMT-2020.’ This is in final approval to the 193 Member States of ITU.
“IMT-2020 specifications for the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) will be the backbone of tomorrow’s digital economy, transforming lives and leading industry and society into the automated and intelligent world,” said Houlin Zhao, ITU Secretary-General. “5G will enable much faster data speeds, reliable connectivity and low latency to international mobile telecommunications (IMT) — all needed for our new global communications ecosystem of connected devices sending vast amounts of data via ultrafast broadband.”
Mario Maniewicz, Director of the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau, said: “The successful completion of the evaluation process and the release of this global standard is a significant milestone for the global telecommunication industry and its users. 5G technologies will further enrich the worldwide communications ecosystem, expand the range of innovative applications and support the burgeoning Internet of Things, including machine-to-machine communication.”
The evaluation of the candidate technologies was not carried out by ITU-R alone. It was a highly collaborative process with substantial input from and coordination with ITU Member States, equipment manufacturers, network operators, and involved national, regional, and international standards development organizations, partnerships, the academic community and fora, since ITU-R provides a unique global framework to discuss the capabilities of new radio technologies.
In early 2012, ITU initiated the development of “IMT for 2020 and beyond”, setting the stage for 5G research activities and in 2015 established the vision and requirements for the globalization of 5G. Under ITU’s ongoing IMT programme, ITU membership is continuing its long-standing contribution to mobile communications, facilitating its mission to be “committed to connecting the world.“
Note 1. For the URLLC use case, M.2410 specifies a minimum of 1 msec in the data plane and 10 ms in the control plane for latency (1 way in the RAN). Actual latency (1-way) is the sum of latency in the RAN, core network, and edge network (if any).
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3GPP Release 16 5G NR-URLLC in the RAN spec status as of as of October 11, 2020:
- RP-191584 5G NR Physical Layer Enhancements for Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) was 53% complete
- RP-190726 Performance part: Physical Layer Enhancements for NR Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) was 0% complete
“In Release 15 the basic support for URLLC was introduced with TTI structures for low latency as well as methods for improved reliability. Use cases with tighter requirements, e.g. higher reliability up to 1E-6 and short latency in the order of 0.5 to 1ms, have been identified as important areas for NR. This work item [1] was approved based on the outcome of the study items as shown in TR 38.824 [2] and TR 38.825 [3].
This work item specifies PDCCH enhancements, UCI enhancements, PUSCH enhancements, enhanced inter UE TX prioritization/multiplexing and enhanced UL configured grant transmission.”
References:
https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/WORK_PLAN/
https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3493
(Sept 15, 2020 version of Release 16 Description; Summary of Rel-16 Work Items)
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The Role of ITU-R:
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), formerly CCITT, is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICTs), fostering innovation among 193 member states. For more than 150 years, ITU has been coordinating the radio spectrum, establishing standards that foster connectivity globally across multiple technology systems. And for the past 30 years, the ITU Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) has been coordinating efforts with governments and industries to develop unified global broadband multimedia international mobile telecommunications systems, also known as IMT.
ITU-R plays an important role in achieving the objective of global harmonization and wide industry support for each generation of mobile communication technologies. 2G in the 1990s was the first generation of digital mobile communication system. These technologies provided dramatically enhanced capabilities relative to previous analog technologies, beginning the ongoing prevalence of mobile communication in our daily life. Despite the success of 2G during that era, the fragmented technology standards were incompatible for purposes of global roaming and economies of scale.
Global operation and economies of scale are key requirements for the success of mobile telecommunication systems. In order to achieve this goal, ITU-R established the concept of IMT, which includes a harmonized timeframe for future development, taking into account technical, operational, and spectrum-related aspects. Since then, ITU-R has been striving for harmonized global standards all through the process of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced.
ITU-R Progress from 2G to 5G Credit Dell’Oro Group
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References:
https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/pr26-2020-evaluation-global-affirmation-imt-2020-5g.aspx
https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2410
Executive Summary: IMT-2020.SPECS defined, submission status, and 3GPP’s RIT submissions
5G Specifications (3GPP), 5G Radio Standard (IMT 2020) and Standard Essential Patents
https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=349
8https://www.itu.int/md/R15-IMT.2020-C-0021/en