Optical Network Architecture
Oriole Networks photonic networking platform to be integrated with AMD GPUs/CPUs for next-gen AI data center fabrics
London, England based Oriole Networks today announced continued progress in its collaboration with AMD in support of the UK’s Advanced Research & Invention Agency (ARIA) Scaling Inference Lab. The initiative integrates Oriole’s photonic interconnect architecture with AMD Instinct GPUs and AMD EPYC CPUs to evaluate next-generation data center fabrics capable of addressing the performance, latency, and energy constraints inherent in large-scale AI workloads.
The multi-year collaboration is advancing toward deployment of what is positioned as the first production-scale, all-photonic AI network fabric. The system is designed to deliver ultra-low latency and deterministic transport characteristics at the system level, leveraging optical circuit switching to optimize east-west traffic flows across accelerator clusters. The primary objective is to demonstrate how optical interconnect technologies can support large-scale inference and distributed AI processing under stringent performance and energy constraints.
Oriole’s PRISM photonic networking platform [2.] replaces conventional electronic switching in the network core with nanosecond-scale optical circuit switching. In contrast to packet-switched electronic fabrics, this approach is intended to reduce forwarding overhead, lower core power consumption, and improve end-to-end transport efficiency for accelerator-dense workloads. AMD is contributing compute hardware and technical collaboration to support modeling and execution of large-scale network workloads relevant to frontier AI systems. However, PRISM is not built for any single chip vendor. It works across any accelerator platform, giving the wider industry a path to frontier-scale system-wide performance without the need for proprietary stacks.
Note 1. Oriole Networks is a photonic networking company, developing disruptive technologies for AI/ML and HPC networking that will revolutionize data centers. These technologies address AI’s biggest challenges – speed, latency, and sustainability. Our holistic approach replaces energy-hungry electrical switching with photonic switching. By using only light to move data in the network, our solution will increase the efficiency of LLM training and inference to unprecedented levels while dramatically reducing the energy consumption of data centers, currently putting a huge strain on energy grids. We can offer faster, more efficient, and more sustainable AI without sacrificing the planet.
Note 2. Oriole’s PRISM is a fully photonic network system designed to provide port-level, all-to-all connectivity, eliminating the need for electrical switches and dramatically reducing the number of optical transceivers needed in the network. This evolution greatly reduces power consumption and latency, increases bandwidth, and strengthens network resilience by eliminating single points of failure.
Image Credit: Oriole Networks
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The deployment also represents the first commercial implementation of Oriole’s technology following an R&D-to-production transition completed in approximately three years. The company states that its xPU-agnostic architecture is intended to support heterogeneous accelerator environments and broader industry rollout beginning in 2027.
Photonic networking architecture:
PRISM is designed to route data optically rather than electrically, using photonic circuit paths in place of conventional electronic switching elements. As AI training and inference workloads scale, data center interconnect requirements increasingly exceed the efficiency limits of traditional switch-based architectures, particularly in terms of power dissipation, thermal load, and communication latency.
By eliminating electronic switching in the fabric core, the PRISM architecture seeks to reduce core network power consumption and limit buffering- and queuing-related delay. The use of optical circuit switching is consistent with ongoing industry interest in photonic interconnects, co-packaged optics, and optical disaggregation as potential enablers of high-density AI clusters.
The company reports that the architecture can substantially reduce GPU idle time and improve system-level utilization by shortening data movement paths between compute nodes. It also indicates potential reductions in cooling demand and associated water usage due to lower network power dissipation.
Quotes:
James Regan, CEO of Oriole, said: “A year ago, we were proving the physics; today, we’re proving the business. Our collaboration with AMD has moved from concept to deployment to a system an order of magnitude larger, and the data proves this is already driving performance increases at pace. This is what it looks like when photonic networking stops being a research curiosity and starts being the foundation of how serious AI infrastructure gets built. There’s a big problem now with electrical switches, which are basically bottlenecking AI traffic, and it’s going to get worse. What we do is we replace all the electrical switches.”
“AMD is excited to collaborate with Oriole on the ARIA Scaling Inference Lab cluster,” said Madhu Rangarajan, corporate vice president, Compute and Enterprise AI business, AMD. “Oriole’s AI backend networking with nanosecond optical circuit switching represents a fundamentally different way to connect accelerators at scale. We are helping to validate how photonic fabrics can work alongside AMD compute to deliver the low-latency, high-bandwidth connectivity that AI Inference workloads demand.”
“Meeting the demands for modern AI requires rapidly identifying ways to improve the performance and cost-efficiency of large-scale AI clusters. ARIA is thrilled to collaborate with Oriole and AMD to demonstrate the benefits of this new technology and it’s exactly the type of collaboration, between innovative startups and industry leaders, that the Scaling Inference Lab was designed to foster,” said Suraj Bramhavar, Program Director at ARIA
Standards and interoperability context:
From a standards perspective, photonic AI fabrics remain an active area of industry development rather than a fully mature architectural class. Relevant technical domains include IEEE 802.3 optical Ethernet interfaces, ITU-T optical transport frameworks such as G.694 and G.709, and ecosystem work in optical interconnect and co-packaged optics initiatives.
A vendor-neutral, accelerator-agnostic photonic fabric may be of interest to standards and industry groups evaluating future data center interconnect models for AI and high-performance computing. The Oriole–AMD collaboration therefore provides an early reference point for assessing the operational characteristics, integration constraints, and interoperability implications of optical circuit-switched AI infrastructure.
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References:
Oriole to Deploy World’s First AI System with Pure Photonic Network to Supercharge Data Centers
https://www.fierce-network.com/cloud/oriole-networks-pushes-pure-photonic-networking-ai-data-centers
NTT’s IOWN is (finally) evolving to an All Photonics Network (APN); Physics based AI for enterprise OT
Goldman Sachs report: Optical Networking is the next mega trend in AI infrastructure
Hyperscaler design of networking equipment with ODM partners
Technavio: Silicon Photonics market estimated to grow at ~25% CAGR from 2024-2028
Amazon and Corning in Multi-Billion-Dollar Fiber Infrastructure Deal in North Carolina
Introduction:
The surge in optical fiber demand is intensifying as hyperscale cloud providers accelerate infrastructure buildouts to support AI-driven workloads and high-density data center interconnect (DCI). Corning [1.] today announced a multi‑billion‑dollar investment from Amazon to expand fiber manufacturing capacity in North Carolina—incremental to its previously announced $10 billion regional cloud infrastructure expansion—reflects a broader structural shift in how optical supply chains are being secured and scaled.
Note 1. Corning’s fiber-optic infrastructure uses highly pure strands of optical glass thinner than a human hair to transmit massive amounts of data as pulses of light. These networks serve as the backbone for modern communications, connecting everything from rural broadband rollouts to hyperscale data centers driving generative AI. In hyperscale cloud and AI data centers, Corning provides high-density optical hardware and cables, such as their GlassWorks AI™ solutions. These large setups feature massive fiber-optic trunk cables containing hundreds to thousands of individual fibers bundled together to link powerful processors and servers. For outdoor networks running underground or on utility poles, you will see ruggedized cables protected by thick jackets and aramid yarn. These cables are designed to withstand weather, crushing, and extreme temperatures.
Corning’s structured cable solutions for internal data center connectivity. Image Credit: Corning
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This trend is not isolated. Hyperscalers including Meta, Microsoft, and wireline network operator Lumen are proactively entering long-term supply and co-investment agreements with fiber and cable manufacturers, effectively reshaping the upstream optical ecosystem.
Recent Fiber Supply Agreements with Corning:
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May 2026: NVIDIA committed $500 million to Corning to support construction of three new optical manufacturing facilities in North Carolina and Texas. This investment is expected to increase Corning’s U.S.-based optical connectivity manufacturing capacity by approximately 10× and expand domestic fiber production by over 50%, targeting AI cluster interconnect requirements characterized by high fiber count and low-latency links aligned with IEEE 802.3 Ethernet and emerging co-packaged optics ecosystems.
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January 2026: Meta finalized a $6 billion agreement with Corning to secure fiber supply for large-scale data center fabrics. These fabrics increasingly rely on high-fiber-density architectures consistent with leaf-spine topologies and standards such as IEEE 802.3bs/ck (400G/800G Ethernet), as well as parallel single-mode fiber (PSM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) approaches defined in ITU-T G.694.x.
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September 2025: Microsoft entered a manufacturing agreement with Corning and Heraeus focused on hollow-core fiber (HCF), a technology aligned with ITU-T G.650 characterization frameworks. HCF offers lower latency (reduced group index) and improved performance for latency-sensitive AI workloads and inter-data center transport.
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August 2024: Corning and Lumen established a supply agreement for next-generation fiber optic cable to support AI-driven traffic growth. This aligns with ITU-T G.652.D and G.657 fiber standards for bend-insensitive and high-capacity terrestrial deployments, as well as evolving requirements for high-count ribbon fiber cables in dense metro and campus environments.
Structural Implications for the Optical Supply Chain:
Hyperscalers are transitioning from passive consumers of optical components to active participants in manufacturing scale-up, including:
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Anchor tenancy models: As seen with Meta’s backing of Corning’s North Carolina facility, hyperscalers are underwriting capacity expansion, effectively securing preferential access to supply.
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Vertical influence: Direct investments and long-term offtake agreements allow hyperscalers to influence fiber specifications, manufacturing roadmaps, and deployment architectures (e.g., optimized fiber types for short-reach vs. long-haul DCI).
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Workforce development: Amazon and Corning’s collaboration with Catawba Valley Community College to expand fiber technician training reflects a strategic effort to address labor constraints in optical manufacturing and deployment, reinforcing domestic supply chain resilience.
Implications for Telecom Operators:
These developments introduce non-trivial risks and strategic considerations for telecom operators:
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Supply prioritization: Hyperscaler-backed agreements may shift allocation dynamics, potentially constraining availability for traditional telecom buyers during periods of tight supply.
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Pricing pressure: Long-term, high-volume contracts could influence pricing benchmarks, potentially disadvantaging operators without comparable scale or capital flexibility.
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BEAD timing mismatch: U.S. operators anticipating fiber expansion funded by BEAD (Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment) may face supply bottlenecks if hyperscaler demand absorbs near-term manufacturing output.
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Architectural divergence: Hyperscaler-driven requirements—optimized for short-reach, ultra-high-capacity intra-data-center and DCI links—may skew innovation toward their use cases, potentially misaligning with traditional access network needs governed by ITU-T G.984 (GPON), G.9807 (XGS-PON), and emerging 25G/50G PON standards.
A useful analogy is the semiconductor industry, where hyperscaler influence has already reshaped foundry capacity allocation and advanced node prioritization. A similar dynamic is now emerging in optical fiber and connectivity, with hyperscalers effectively acting as quasi-industrial planners for next-generation optical infrastructure.
Quotes:
“Amazon’s investments in North Carolina have created more than 26,000 jobs across the state. This multibillion-dollar agreement with Corning continues that commitment, channeling investment into American manufacturing and creating 1,000 new jobs at their facilities near our data centers,” said Matt Garman, CEO of AWS. “We’re also partnering to train North Carolinians for highly skilled roles in fiber optics and fusion splicing. These long-term investments create long-term careers and real opportunity in the communities where we operate.”
“This agreement with Amazon represents a significant milestone for Corning and for American manufacturing,” said Wendell Weeks, chairman, CEO, and president of Corning. “For 175 years, Corning has pioneered the technologies that connect people and transform industries. Amazon’s investment will help us expand production, create 1,000 new advanced manufacturing jobs at our facilities, and lead the way toward building a resilient U.S. manufacturing base.”
Clearfield CEO Cheri Beranek told Fierce Network at Fiber Connect that supply chain issues are re-emerging, particularly around high-count fiber. “There’s absolutely a shortage of ribbon fiber,” she said, referring to a conversation with Hawaii Telecom, a Clearfield customer. “The high count for the ribbon fiber … everything over 432 is tough to get,” she said. “The fiber companies want to tell you that there’s enough American‑made fiber… but there can’t be.”
“In talking to fiber optic suppliers, they all say one thing, ‘It’s nice to finally be the cool kid on the block.’ Hyperscalers are finally realizing that they not only need compute, storage, chips, power, water and real estate, they also need fiber optic connectivity,” said Fierce Network’s Chief Analyst Linda Hardesty.
The net effect is a tightening coupling between AI infrastructure demand and optical supply chain strategy—one that telecom operators will need to actively manage through procurement strategy, vendor diversification, and potentially deeper participation in supply-side partnerships.
End Note:
Amazon’s long-term commitment to North Carolina goes beyond direct investments and jobs created in the state. Through workforce development, Career Choice, and upskilling programs, Amazon has already provided practical training for nearly 7,000 people in North Carolina, helping to open new pathways for higher-paying jobs and fulfilling careers.
In the last decade, Amazon has contributed more than $72 million to charities and organizations supporting local needs across North Carolina, with $10 million provided in 2025 alone to 26 local community partners. This includes contributions like $1.5 million to enhance public safety services for southeastern Hamlet and surrounding Richmond County communities by funding a new fire substation that is expected to lower emergency response times and homeowner insurance premiums.
References:
https://www.corning.com/data-center/au/en/home/applications/enterprise-private-data-center.html
https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-corning-fiber-optics-1000-jobs-north-carolina
Fiber Optic Boost: Corning and Meta in multiyear $6 billion deal to accelerate U.S data center buildout
Corning to Build New Fiber Optic Plant in Phoenix, AZ for AT&T Fiber Network Expansion
Calix and Corning Weigh In: When Will Broadband Wireline Spending Increase?
Verizon-Corning $1.05B fiber deal part of larger build-out or buy program
Goldman Sachs report: Optical Networking is the next mega trend in AI infrastructure
Goldman Sachs analysts forecast a $154billion opportunity in optical networking driven by skyrocketing capacity demands from hyperscale cloud and AI workloads. Carriers and vendors are integrating 10GbE edge networking and AI-RAN (Artificial Intelligence Radio Access Network) trials on live 5G networks.
Goldman argues that AI infrastructure is creating a networking bottleneck phase, where optical interconnects become essential to connect more chips, keep latency low, and let AI clusters scale efficiently. The total optical networking market forecast 9x increase to $154 billion is due to both scale-up and scale-out AI data center architectures grow.
AI compute gains are no longer just about faster GPU and HBM chips; they depend on moving data fast enough between chips, racks, and super-nodes. Goldman Sachs emphasizes that networking now “unlocks computing capability” by enabling seamless exchange across multiple AI chips, which is exactly where copper-based links start to fall short. That makes fiber-optic connectivity, pluggable optics, and co-packaged optics central to the next phase of AI build-out. The report splits opportunity across scale-up and scale-out networking, plus component categories such as copper cables, pluggable optical modules, CPO, and PCB midplanes.
External coverage of this report says Goldman Sachs sees scale-up as the larger pool, about $106 billion or 69% of the $154 billion TAM, while CPO could represent about $91 billion or 59% of the total, assuming 29% penetration in scale-out networking. In practical terms, the report is signaling that the highest-value optical opportunity sits inside tightly coupled AI systems, not just in long-haul or metro transport.
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Goldman projects the following:
- Dollar content increase by 16x / 45x in Scale Out / Scale Up per computing unit from GB300 NVL72 (per computing unit means 72 GPUs per rack to reach NVL72) to Rubin Ultra NVL576 (per computing unit means 72 GPUs per rack, and 8 racks together to reach NVL576), with opportunities across pluggable optical modules, optical engines in CPO, copper cables, and PCB midplanes.
- A 13x larger addressable market for optical modules / optical engines expanding from scale out (e.g. GB300 NVL72) to scale up (e.g. Nvidia Rubin Ultra [1.] NVL576 level 2 scale up via CPO) per computing unit. n
- A 10x larger value market for pluggable optical modules in scale out per computing unit from GB300 NVL72 to Rubin Ultra NVL576, even with a 29% CPO penetration rate. The numbers of pluggable optical module (1.6T equivalent) per computing unit would increase from 216 units in GB300 NVL72 to 2.5k units in Rubin Ultra NVL576.
Note 1. Nvidia Rubin Ultra is a flagship, next-generation AI and high-performance computing (HPC) processor succeeding the standard Rubin architecture. Scheduled to debut in late 2027, it utilizes massive multi-die chiplet designs and unprecedented memory configurations to power the next wave of generative and agentic AI.
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Market Forecasts:
The investment bank expects the aggregate dollar content per computing unit across scale up and scale out to increase by 29x from US$315k in GB300 NVL72 to US$9.4bn in Rubin Ultra NVL576, and assuming the numbers of racks through the full product cycle are 48k racks for GB300 NVL72, and 16.5k computing units for Rubin Ultra NVL576, the aggregate value TAM across scale up and scale out would increase by 9x from US$15bn in GB300 NVL72 (mainly in 2026) to US$154bn in Rubin Ultra NVL576 (mainly in 2028).
Among the US$154bn value TAM, 69% goes to scale up, or US$106bn, and CPO contributes US$91bn, or 59% of the US$154bn value TAM, assuming CPO at 29% penetration rate in scale out.
For network architects, the important takeaway is that AI clusters are becoming optics-heavy at more layers of the network stack, not just at the edge of the rack. The likely winners are suppliers that can reduce power, improve density, and simplify packaging for very high-bandwidth links, especially around CPO and advanced pluggables. This is less a story about traditional telecom optics and more about datacenter interconnects optimized for GPU fabrics and AI training/inference throughput.
The most consistently cited “top beneficiaries” are Coherent, Lumentum, and Fabrinet. These companies sit close to the core optical component modules and manufacturing layers that scale with higher AI interconnect demand. That makes them the most straightforward proxies for the forecasted optics expansion. The report’s thesis favors companies with strong exposure to high-end optical transport, coherent optics, and data-center interconnect rather than the broader optical networking/PON equipment companies like Ciena, Nokia/Infinera, Cisco/Acacia, ADVA, or Calix.
Conclusions:
Strategically, Goldman Sachs maintains that optical networking is no longer a niche enabling layer; it is becoming a core enabler of AI capex scaling. That shifts investor attention toward optical component vendors, silicon photonics, transceiver suppliers, and adjacent packaging ecosystems. The report’s core message is simple: as AI clusters grow, the network fabric becomes a first-order constraint, and optics are the most likely answer.
References:
2026 Fiber Connect Keynote: “The Future of Fiber Optics: AI and the Quantum”
How will fiber and equipment vendors meet the increased demand for fiber optics in 2026 due to AI data center buildouts?
Big Fiber’s $250M financing deal to buildout dark fiber routes for AI Data Center expansion
Analysis: Fiber Broadband Association (FBA) whitepaper: Upgrading MSO Networks to Fiber to the Home (FTTH): A Technical Perspective
Fiber Optic Boost: Corning and Meta in multiyear $6 billion deal to accelerate U.S data center buildout
Fiber Optic Networks & Subsea Cable Systems as the foundation for AI and Cloud services
AI infrastructure investments drive demand for Ciena’s products including 800G coherent optics
DriveNets and Ciena Complete Joint Testing of 400G ZR/ZR+ optics for Network Cloud Platform
2026 Fiber Connect Keynote: “The Future of Fiber Optics: AI and the Quantum”
Dr. Michio Kaku’s 2026 Fiber Connect keynote, “The Future of Fiber Optics: AI and the Quantum,” kicked off the inaugural AI & Emerging Technology Infrastructure Summit on Wednesday, May 20,2026.
As a theoretical physicist and futurist, Dr. Kaku delivered a high-altitude roadmap framing fiber optic networks not merely as faster telecom pipes, but as the mandatory foundation for a world defined by concurrent, multi-cloud AI infrastructure and quantum mechanics.
Kaku described the convergence of AI, quantum computing, and fiber infrastructure as a critical shift toward an AI-native, quantum-enabled internet essential for national competitiveness. Kaku emphasized that fiber optics are necessary to facilitate “quantum AI” by handling high-density, low-latency data movement, moving beyond traditional networking to support exponential computing advancements.
Key Takeaways:
- Fiber as the Foundation for AI: Dr. Kaku explained that massive data sets and hyperscale AI computations cannot run efficiently over wireless or legacy networks. Fiber’s near-limitless bandwidth and sub-millisecond latency are required to process these workloads in real-time.
- The Quantum Computing Leap: He detailed how quantum networks—which compute at the atomic level—will redefine security and processing power. He emphasized that quantum data requires the stability, security, and bandwidth that only fiber optics can provide.
- National Competitiveness: Dr. Kaku framed fiber broadband as a strategic national asset. He argued that a region’s ability to evolve into an AI-native economy depends directly on robust fiber infrastructure to secure future healthcare, financial, and climate innovations.
- The “Thinking Economy”: He projected that networks are evolving to do more than just transport data. They will increasingly support “thinking economies” where intelligence moves instantly between edge computing centers, end-points, and the cloud.
The presentation and subsequent fireside chat with quantum computing firm IonQ offered several critical technological dimensions and actionable industry analysis:
The Physics of the “AI Triad” (Compute, Quantum, & Photonics):
Kaku mapped out how classical silicon-based computing is approaching its physical limits (thermodynamics and transistor gating). He explained that the future relies on a three-pronged convergence:
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- AI Models: The brain processing the logic.
- Quantum Computing: The hyper-accelerator solving atomic, chemical, and multi-variable optimization issues.
- Optical Fiber: The unified nervous system. Quantum and distributed AI workloads cannot scale on traditional copper networks because they require absolute determinism, zero-jitter latency, and near-limitless bandwidth.
Upgrading to a Quantum-Ready Internet:
Drawing from themes in his book Quantum Supremacy, Kaku noted that the move toward a quantum-enabled web alters the physical network topology. Operators must plan for physical security layers (like Quantum Key Distribution) and data transmission methods that preserve quantum entanglement across distances.
–>Fiber is the only media capable of transporting light photons over vast geographies without disrupting these states.
The Power and Cooling Crisis:
A significant focus of the analysis was the staggering energy footprint of next-generation AI factories and hyper-scale data centers. Kaku noted that moving data electronically creates heat resistance. Shifting toward all-optical (photonic) networks and in-rack fiber interconnects removes electronic bottlenecks, drastically reducing the power required to pass massive datasets between distributed data centers
Strategic Implications for Network Operators:
During the fireside chat, the discussion moved from theoretical physics to immediate business strategy and tactics:
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- National Competitiveness: Bandwidth, latency, and optical infrastructure are the new benchmarks for a country’s economic power.
- Capacity Planning: Network planners must shift from estimating consumer download speeds to calculating the throughput required for real-time, stateful AI agents and machine learning inference workloads operating at the network edge.
FBA Panel and Summit Sessions:
Following Kaku’s opening address, the Fiber Broadband Association (FBA) hosted deep-dive industry panels that put these physics concepts into operator terms:
- The Open Compute Project (OCP): Discussed open-source hardware standards for in-rack photonics to support massive AI clustering.
- Multi-Data-Center Architectures: Network engineers mapped out how dense dark fiber rings are being laid to link secondary edge facilities, allowing enterprises to run heavy inference closer to end-users without overwhelming backbone networks.
- AI data center speed and power requirements are transitioning towards 800 Gbps–1.6 Tbps node-to-node networking and gigawatt-scale power to handle distributed generative AI workloads.
- High rack densities up to 240 kW require advanced liquid or immersion cooling, with optical technologies being introduced to reduce heat generation.
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References:
https://fiberconnect.fiberbroadband.org/about/whats-new/
Analysis: Fiber Broadband Association (FBA) whitepaper: Upgrading MSO Networks to Fiber to the Home (FTTH): A Technical Perspective
Fiber Broadband Association Middle Mile WG: how to use “Digital Infrastructure Networks” for coordinated fiber backbone investments
Analysis: AT&T 1Q-2026 results: increased fiber penetration, FWA momentum, D2D deals, and mobile/home internet bundles
Fiber Optic Boost: Corning and Meta in multiyear $6 billion deal to accelerate U.S data center buildout
Fiber Optic Networks & Subsea Cable Systems as the foundation for AI and Cloud services
How will fiber and equipment vendors meet the increased demand for fiber optics in 2026 due to AI data center buildouts?
Automating Fiber Testing in the Last Mile: An Experiment from the Field
AI wireless and fiber optic network technologies; IMT 2030 “native AI” concept
Analysis: Nokia’s strong growth in Optical Networks and AI network infrastructure
Executive Summary:
While Nokia’s first-quarter profitability improved across all reported metrics, year-over-year comparisons were significantly affected by a €120 million ($140 million) non-recurring charge recorded in the Mobile Networks business in the prior-year period. On a comparable basis, net profit increased 93% to approximately €295 million ($345 million). Despite ongoing cost restructuring initiatives, the company’s comparable operating margin remained at 6.2%, well below the ~11% levels observed in the corresponding quarters of 2021 and 2022, indicating continued margin compression relative to earlier cycle peaks.
Optical networking has emerged as Nokia’s primary growth engine, significantly outpacing the company’s overall performance. At the group level, Nokia reported first-quarter comparable revenue growth of 3% year-over-year (4% in constant currency) to €4.5 billion ($5.3 billion). The acquisition of Infinera, which was completed in March last year, surely helped. As did massive investments by AI data center companies because Nokia’s optical gear is used for both intra and inter data center connectivity.
The company said Thursday that first-quarter sales of optical network infrastructure rose 12% on year, driven by demand from AI and cloud customers in the Americas. It booked 1 billion euros ($1.17 billion) of orders from AI & Cloud customers in the quarter and now sees overall sales in the network infrastructure business growing 12%-14% this year, having previously expected 6%-8%. The company had previously announced it was investing in additional manufacturing capacity to support growth and maximize the opportunity in this accelerating market.
When Nokia held its capital markets day last November, the company expecting hyperscalers to invest about $540 billion in total capital expenditure this year. That number has now been raised to more than $700 billion, Nokia CEO Justin Hotard told reporters. As part of that flows into Nokia’s order book, first-quarter optical sales grew 56% year-over-year, to €821 million (US$959 million).
Image Credits: NOKIA
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Performance across segments remains uneven. Key drags included the fixed broadband segment within Network Infrastructure (NI)—which also encompasses optical—as well as the Mobile Networks (MN) radio access business. Despite these headwinds, CEO Justin Hotard is positioning NI, particularly its optical and IP routing units, as the core drivers of near-term growth. The company has raised its full-year NI growth outlook to 12–14%, up from the 6–8% range communicated in January, reflecting stronger momentum in high-capacity transport and IP networking demand.
Nokia is also guiding for full-year comparable operating profit in the range of €2.0–2.5 billion ($2.3–2.9 billion). At the midpoint, this would represent approximately 11% year-over-year growth relative to 2025, indicating improving operational leverage as higher-growth segments scale. The strongest momentum remains in optical and IP networking, while the legacy radio access business is still working through margin pressure, mix shifts, and the higher capital intensity of next-generation RAN evolution.
Within this context, the Mobile Infrastructure (MI) segment remains the principal source of performance uncertainty. Following internal reorganization, the “radio networks” unit—comprising the majority of the former Mobile Networks business—accounts for 63% of MI revenue. While constant-currency performance was broadly stable, reported radio networks revenue declined 5% year-over-year to €1.58 billion ($1.85 billion), contributing to a 3% decline in total MI revenue to approximately €2.5 billion.
Segment-level profitability metrics require careful normalization. MI reported operating profit of €222 million ($259 million), representing a 68% year-over-year increase. However, adjusting for the absence of the prior-year €120 million charge, operating profit would have declined by approximately 12%. On a normalized basis, operating margin would have decreased from ~9.8% to ~8.9%, rather than increasing from the reported 5.1%, indicating underlying margin pressure in the radio access portfolio.
Additional analytical complexity arises from the inclusion of Nokia Technologies within MI reporting. This licensing-driven business has historically exhibited operating margins exceeding 70%. Assuming a comparable margin profile in the current quarter, its implied operating contribution (~€270 million / $316 million) exceeds the total reported MI operating profit. This suggests that the combined radio networks and associated software activities may be operating at or near breakeven when disaggregated from licensing revenues, highlighting the importance of segment-level transparency in assessing the underlying economic performance of Nokia’s RAN portfolio.
A restructuring program, initiated under Pekka Lundmark and continued by CEO Justin Hotard, is designed to deliver approximately €1.2 billion ($1.4 billion) in annualized cost savings by the end of 2026. This is primarily driven by a planned reduction of approximately 14,000 positions from a September 2023 baseline of ~84,000 employees (excluding subsequently divested businesses). As of year-end 2025, Nokia reported 74,100 employees, excluding Infinera, implying that the majority of targeted reductions have been completed and that approximately 4,000 additional reductions remain. Management has indicated that future efficiency gains are expected to be incremental rather than driven by further large-scale restructuring.
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Analysis:
From a systems perspective, the key signal is that transport and aggregation layers are gaining strategic weight relative to the traditional macro-RAN hardware layer. Optical growth reflects the continued densification of metro and backbone networks, driven by higher east-west traffic, AI and cloud interconnect demand, and the need for lower-latency transport to support distributed radio and edge workloads. That makes optical and IP less of a “supporting cast” and more of the enabling fabric for cloudified telecom architectures.
The RAN market is moving toward software-defined, cloud-native, and increasingly AI-assisted architectures, which raises the bar for vendor differentiation. Nokia has been emphasizing AI-RAN and anyRAN work with NVIDIA and operators including BT, NTT Docomo, T-Mobile, and others, positioning itself around AI-for-RAN, AI-on-RAN, and AI-and-RAN use cases. Architecturally, this suggests the company is trying to move beyond a pure radio-box supplier model toward a compute-centric platform strategy tied to 5G-Advanced and AI-native 6G.
This transition intensifies competition with vendors pursuing virtualized RAN, Open RAN, and multi-vendor disaggregation strategies. In that environment, the critical battleground shifts from integrated proprietary base stations to software portability, orchestration, open interfaces, cloud infrastructure integration, and accelerator support. For Nokia, the commercial challenge is that the economics of vRAN and AI-RAN depend not only on technical readiness, but also on whether operators can justify new compute and orchestration layers without eroding total cost of ownership.
The broader networking trend is convergence between mobile, optical, IP, and cloud infrastructure. The same traffic growth that pressures RAN capacity also increases demand for optical transport, IP routing, and security-aware automation across the transport and service layers. In that sense, Nokia’s segment mix highlights a wider industry direction: radio access is becoming only one part of a larger distributed compute and transport system, rather than the dominant center of gravity.
In conclusion, Nokia is benefiting as telecom architecture is becoming more horizontal and software-driven, while still facing friction in the vertically integrated legacy RAN model. Optical and IP are scaling nicely with increased high speed data center traffic; RAN is being redefined by cloud (vRAN), AI, and disaggregation; and the vendor that can best align silicon, software, orchestration, and transport will be better positioned for 5G-Advanced and early 6G/IMT 2030 transitions.
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References:
https://www.nokia.com/about-us/investors/results-reports/
Nokia in major pivot from traditional telecom to AI, cloud infrastructure, data center networking and 6G
Nokia’s AI Applications Study: “Physical AI” may require RAN redesign to support high‑volume, low‑latency uplink traffic
Nokia to showcase agentic AI network slicing; Ericsson partners with Ookla to measure 5G network slicing performance
Australia’s NBN and Nokia demonstrate multi-generation optical technologies concurrently over existing FTTP infrastructure
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Fiber Broadband Association Middle Mile WG: how to use “Digital Infrastructure Networks” for coordinated fiber backbone investments
The Fiber Broadband Association (FBA) today released guidance from its Middle Mile Working Group (WG) which outlines how states can strengthen digital infrastructure through coordinated fiber backbone investment. Fiber is the foundation of AI, powering the high-capacity, low-latency, secure connectivity that links data centers, cloud infrastructure, and the communities that depend on them. To meet rising national demand, the U.S. must scale fiber deployment 2.3x by 2029. This goal requires accelerated infrastructure builds and strong coordination among states, utilities, and industry partners.
Digital Infrastructure Networks are strategic fiber optic systems that connect the core internet backbone to last-mile broadband providers. By strengthening these middle-mile connections, states can reduce the cost of broadband deployment, improve network resiliency, and expand connectivity to unserved and underserved communities.
“Middle-mile infrastructure is what allows broadband networks to scale,” said Sachin Gupta, Chair of the Middle Mile Working Group and Vice President of Business and Technology Strategies at Centranet. “When high-capacity fiber backbones are located closer to underserved communities, providers can extend last-mile networks more affordably, reach more locations, operate more efficiently, and better serve communities across the state.”
Among the recommendations:
- Coordinate infrastructure projects across agencies to streamline deployment and reduce unnecessary construction
- Implement “dig once” policies that install conduit or fiber whenever roads or utility corridors are opened for construction
- Leverage state-owned assets, including rights-of-way, existing fiber routes, and utility infrastructure
- Modernize permitting and coordination processes to accelerate broadband builds
FBA will further explore these strategies during two Middle Mile Working Group breakout sessions at Fiber Connect 2026, taking place Tuesday morning. The sessions include:
- Rural Collaboration, Infrastructure Planning, and Sustaining Affordable, High-Performance Middle Mile Broadband
- Unlocking New Middle Mile Opportunities for ISPs and Community Networks
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Technical Topology: The DWDM Advantage:
- Massive Spectral Efficiency: Multiplexing up to 96+ channels onto a single fiber, with each wavelength supporting 100G, 400G, or 800G data rates.
- Scalable Architecture: Capacity can be increased incrementally by lighting new wavelengths without forklift upgrades or additional trenching.
- Resilient Topologies:
- Ring Networks: Often preferred for regional backhaul, utilizing Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADMs) to provide self-healing 1+1 protection and sub-50ms failover.
- Mesh Networks: The gold standard for reliability, offering multiple diverse paths to ensure uptime even during multiple fiber cuts.
- Long-Haul Performance: Utilizing Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) and Raman amplification to maintain signal integrity over spans exceeding 1,000 km without electronic regeneration.
References:
Learn more; fiberconnect.fiberbroadband.org. Learn more about FBA’s research here or subscribe to FBA’s Fiber Forward Weekly newsletter here to stay updated.
Digital Infrastructure Networks: Meeting the Broadband Challenge for State Governments
Australia’s NBN and Nokia demonstrate multi-generation optical technologies concurrently over existing FTTP infrastructure
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Australia’s NBN and Nokia demonstrate multi-generation optical technologies concurrently over existing FTTP infrastructure
NBN Co, in collaboration with Nokia, has successfully conducted a laboratory demonstration of multiple generations of optical access and coherent transmission technologies operating concurrently over its existing Fiber‑to‑the‑Premises (FTTP) network. The technical trial validates the long‑term scalability of NBN Co’s national full‑fibre infrastructure and its capacity to accommodate the sustained growth of residential, enterprise, and industrial data demand anticipated over the coming decades.
The “Supercharging Fibre” trial, presented at the Broadband Forum Spring Member Meeting—held in Australia for the first time and hosted by NBN Co—demonstrated aggregate transmission rates exceeding 230 Gbit/s using multiple optical technologies over a single physical fiber link in a controlled laboratory environment. The experimental setup also established a pathway toward achieving terabit‑class capacities in future trials through the evolution of optical modulation formats and channel aggregation techniques.
A key outcome of the trial was the successful integration of coherent optical transmission with multiple generations of passive optical network (PON) technologies—GPON, XGS‑PON, and 50G‑PON—operating simultaneously over the same fiber infrastructure currently in service across Australia. Coherent optics, traditionally deployed within metropolitan, core, and data center interconnect networks, employ advanced modulation and digital signal processing to deliver extended reach, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. Their introduction into the access network domain represents a significant step toward the convergence of access and transport technologies, offering an efficient route to enhanced capacity and service flexibility without extensive physical network replacement.
The demonstration (see illustration below) underscores the technical viability of leveraging existing passive optical infrastructure to support future bandwidth requirements driven by the proliferation of cloud computing, immersive digital experiences, artificial intelligence applications, and industrial IoT systems. The results further illustrate the potential of FTTP systems to evolve into a highly scalable, future‑ready broadband platform capable of sustaining national connectivity objectives.
Image Credit: Perplexity.ai
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By 31 December 2025, more than 1 million customers had transitioned from copper‑based services to high‑speed full‑fiber connections, positioning FTTP as NBN Co’s dominant fixed‑line technology at approximately 35% of total connections. The company achieved its commitment to enable 10 million premises, representing about 90% of the NBN fixed‑line footprint, to order multi‑gigabit‑capable wholesale broadband services. Ongoing upgrade activities encompass over 228,000 premises, as part of an initiative to extend full‑fiber access to 95% of the remaining ~622,000 copper‑served locations by 2030.
These developments reflect NBN Co’s strategic focus on access network modernization and underscore the continuing evolution of optical access technologies toward achieving the performance, flexibility, and resilience required to support Australia’s transition to a digital and cloud‑centric economy.
NBN Co. was established in 2009 by the Commonwealth of Australia as a Government Business Enterprise (GBE) with a clear direction – to design, build and operate a wholesale broadband access network for Australia.
And we’ve done just that – creating a network that criss-crosses a country, and allowing internet retailers to provide reasonably priced broadband services to consumers and businesses.
The network is the digital backbone of Australia and is constantly evolving to keep communities and businesses connected and our nation productive.
References:
https://www.nbnco.com.au/corporate-information/about-nbn-co
https://www.broadband-forum.org/events/spring-2026-member-meeting/
Dell’Oro: Optical Transport Systems market +15% year-over-year in 3Q2025 driven by Cloud Service Providers
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Point Topic: FTTP broadband subs to reach 1.12bn by 2030 in 29 largest markets
Nokia and Hong Kong Broadband Network Ltd deploy 25G PON
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Google Fiber planning 20 Gig symmetrical service via Nokia’s 25G-PON system
STL completes successful Multi-Core Fiber (MCF) trial with Colt in London, UK
India based STL, a global provider of optical and digital connectivity solutions for AI-era networks, has completed multi-core fiber (MCF) field trials with Colt Technology Services on Colt’s London metro optical network. The trial is a meaningful proof point for space-division multiplexing (SDM) in carrier environments, demonstrating that MCF can lift per-fiber strand capacity while staying within existing civil and duct constraints and improving overall network energy and cost metrics.
The deployment used STL’s Multiverse™ four-core MCF, designed with the same 125 µm cladding diameter as conventional single-mode fibre (SMF) and a 250/200 µm coating, enabling seamless handling with existing cable designs and installation practices. The trial route connected two Colt Points of Presence (PoPs) on the London metro network over spans of approximately 9 km and 63 km, representing both short-haul metro and longer metro-regional use cases.
From a transmission standpoint, the network achieved an 800 Gbps line rate with service validation for 100GE and 400GE, aligning with current high-capacity router and data-centre interconnect interfaces. STL and Colt validated performance across a broad set of optical and system parameters, including chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), inter-core crosstalk, throughput, fault behavior, OTDR signatures, insertion loss, and optical return loss (ORL), with results within expected design envelopes. This indicates that Multiverse™ MCF can be engineered and operated to comparable performance baselines as legacy SMF while delivering higher spatial capacity.
Architecturally, STL’s MCF platform integrates four independent cores within a standard SMF cladding profile, effectively multiplying per-fibre capacity without increasing cable diameter. For operators, this directly addresses constraints in congested metro ducts, legacy civil infrastructure, and brownfield routes where augmenting capacity by pulling additional cables is either cost-prohibitive or operationally disruptive. In these scenarios, MCF creates a higher bit-per-mm² and bit-per-duct investment profile, improving both capex efficiency (less civil work, fewer ducts) and opex metrics such as energy per transported bit.
STL positions itself as one of the early movers in taking MCF from controlled lab demonstrations into operational networks, including buried and ducted plant, backed by a full ecosystem spanning fibre, cable, and connectivity hardware through its Optotec portfolio. Coupled with STL’s broader focus on AI-ready optical infrastructure and 5G-ready digital network solutions, the Colt trial underlines a practical migration path for carriers looking to future-proof metro and data-centre interconnect footprints against emerging AI, cloud, and 5G traffic patterns without wholesale rebuilds of underlying passive infrastructure.
“As network demand accelerates, customers are looking for more bandwidth without sacrificing security, performance, or sustainability,” said Buddy Bayer, Chief Operating Officer, Colt Technology Services. “At Colt, we continue to push optical networking forward, and this pilot represents an important step in Europe and the USA. It reflects our focus on building scalable networks that deliver growth in capacity without increasing environmental impact.”
Dr Badri Gomatam, CTO, STL, said the trial highlights the value of joint innovation in advancing optical infrastructure. “Collaborations like this speed up adoption of next-generation connectivity technologies. STL’s Multiverse MCF portfolio is designed for the high-density, ultra-low latency, and resilient connectivity requirements of AI, hyperscale cloud, and future digital platforms globally,” he said. STL stated that the trial results strengthen confidence in MCF as a viable technology for the growing bandwidth requirements driven by AI workloads, cloud scale-out, and new digital services.
“As network demand accelerates, customers are looking for more bandwidth without sacrificing security, performance, or sustainability,” said Buddy Bayer, Chief Operating Officer, Colt Technology Services. “At Colt, we continue to push optical networking forward, and this pilot represents an important step in Europe and the USA. It reflects our focus on building scalable networks that deliver growth in capacity without increasing environmental impact.”
Dr Badri Gomatam, CTO, STL, said the trial highlights the value of joint innovation in advancing optical infrastructure. “Collaborations like this speed up adoption of next-generation connectivity technologies. STL’s Multiverse MCF portfolio is designed for the high-density, ultra-low latency, and resilient connectivity requirements of AI, hyperscale cloud, and future digital platforms globally,” he said. STL stated that the trial results strengthen confidence in MCF as a viable technology for the growing bandwidth requirements driven by AI workloads, cloud scale-out, and new digital services.
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About STL-– Sterlite Technologies Ltd:
STL is a global provider of advanced connectivity solutions, offering end-to-end products and services for building AI-ready networks across FTTx, rural broadband, enterprise, and data centres. With manufacturing operations in North America, Europe, and Asia, STL supplies connectivity solutions in more than 100 countries and works with telecom operators, cloud and data center companies, internet service providers, and large enterprises to build future-ready AI digital infrastructure.
On January 23, 2026, STL reported continued sequential improvement in Operational EBITDA margin for the fifth consecutive quarter, driven by a higher-margin product mix and increased contribution from the US market. With the US–India Bilateral Trade Agreement under advanced discussion, STL remains well-positioned to leverage emerging opportunities by offering reliable, high-quality solutions for building AI-ready digital infrastructure.
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References:
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78908
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NTT’s IOWN provides ultra low latency and energy efficiency in Japan and Hong Kong
The rapid uptake of generative AI in data centers and semiconductor factories is causing a surge in power consumption, which is predicted to reach 11 times the current level by 2033. To address this issue, the NTT Group has proposed the “IOWN (Innovative Optical and Wireless Network)” concept, which aims to improve energy efficiency and achieve ultra-low latency and high-capacity communications through innovative optical communications technology.
By utilizing optical communications technology, IOWN aims to achieve dramatically low-power, high-quality, high-capacity, and low-latency communications by migrating from conventional electronics-based networks to photonics (optical)-based networks.
“Our research and development efforts are focused on achieving 1/200th the current level of latency, 125x the current level of capacity, and 100x the current level of power efficiency by 2032,” said NTT’s Tetsushi Shoji.
NTT Group is working toward “IOWN 1.0,” a goal that will see the network become all-optical. Even with current networks using optical fiber, data is repeatedly converted into electrical signals through routers and switches. However, if communication from terminal to terminal were to be entirely optical, the power consumption required for conversion would be significantly reduced.
Furthermore, communication latency is expected to be reduced. “Traditional communications involve delays because data passes through multiple nodes. However, with the IOWN APN (All Photonics Network), data reaches its destination directly, dramatically improving communication latency,” says Shoji.
On August 29, 2024, a 2,893-km IOWN APN demonstration experiment connecting Tokyo and Taiwan. The optical transport connection linked the Chunghwa Telecom Headquarter in Taipei City with the Musashino R&D Center in Musashino, Japan, achieving an ultra-low latency of approximately 17 milliseconds over an approximately 3,000 km network. Latency fluctuations were also extremely small, The innovative application was showcased publicly at the NTT R&D Forum 2024 in November 2024.
NTT Group is also considering optical fiber inside computers as part of its IOWN 2.0 and beyond concept.
Currently, the wiring inside computers uses electrical signals, and as processing speeds increase, problems with power consumption and heat generation become more serious. To solve this, the goal is to opticalize communication between boards and chips, dramatically improving data transfer efficiency.
“Ultimately, by utilizing optical fiber even inside computers, we believe it will be possible to improve power efficiency by 100 times and communication speeds by 125 times,” says Shoji.
Source: NTT Group
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Nearly two weeks ago, NTT Docomo Business and NTT Com Asia launched the APN InterLink service, which is targeted at Hong Kong’s financial services sector. This all optical/photonic network, promised in the late 1990s, eliminates Optical to Electrical to Optical (OEO) repeaters, thereby greatly improving transmission performance.
“As an all-photonic solution, data is transmitted entirely at the speed of light with minimal conversion, resulting in significantly reduced latency and jitter. This capability enables mission-critical applications such as real-time trading and advanced AI workloads,” said Steven So, chief technology officer at NTT Com Asia.
So noted that recent performance tests have shown that an all-photonic network substantially improves upon a traditional setup.
In Japan, NTT Data and NTT West collaborated with MUFG Bank to conduct a successful test of APN during a live IT migration involving multiple data centers situated 50km to 100km apart. The demonstration included long-distance, synchronous database management system replication between locations up to 2,500km apart. The results showed less than one second of downtime.
“This highlights how APN addresses next-generation infrastructure requirements of the financial services sector,” So said. ” IOWN APN can deliver ultra-low latency, high-capacity, and energy-efficient network photonics-based connectivity to address their needs – where every millisecond counts in the digital world.”
References:
https://www.ntt.com/business/services/xmanaged/lp/itsmf/202511-nttcom.html
https://group.ntt/en/group/iown/function/
NTT pins growth on IOWN (Innovative Optical and Wireless Network)
Sony and NTT (with IOWN) collaborate on remote broadcast production platform
Infinera, DZS, and Calnex Successfully Demonstrate 5G Mobile xHaul with Open XR
Infinera announced today a successful multi-vendor demonstration of 5G mobile broadband xHaul using coherent open XR optics point-to-multipoint optical transmission. The multi-vendor interoperability testing, conducted with DZS and Calnex, represents a key step toward enabling mobile operators to greatly simplify and cost-reduce 5G and next-generation mobile transport network rollouts through the reduction of the number of optical transceivers, resulting in significant total cost of ownership savings.
Hosted in the European Open Test & Integration Center in Torino by TIM, the high-capacity xHaul application testing included fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul transport scenarios with XR-based coherent pluggable optics deployed in third-party hosts supporting point-to-point and point-to-multipoint optical transmission. Results of the performance testing included successful demonstration of xHaul synchronization and timing distribution in a point-to-multipoint optical transport architecture.
“It is not only the significant bandwidth demands of 5G that create challenges for mobile operators, but also the fundamental misalignment between actual 5G network traffic patterns and the underlying transport technology,” said Ron Johnson, SVP and General Manager, Optical Subsystems and Global Engineering Group, Infinera. “Working in close collaboration with industry-leading mobile operators such as TIM, this testing validates the critical role that XR optics innovation can play in transforming the economics of 5G transport and paving the way for efficient 6G networks.”
Equipment used in the interoperable xHaul testing included Infinera ICE-X intelligent coherent pluggables, the DZS Saber 2200, and Calnex Paragon-NEO. Part of the work carried out by TIM and Infinera was supported by the EU project ALLEGRO, GA No. 101092766.
About DZS:
DZS (Nasdaq: DZSI) is a developer of Network Edge, Connectivity and Cloud Software solutions enabling broadband everywhere.
About Infinera:
Infinera is a global supplier of innovative open optical networking solutions and advanced optical semiconductors that enable carriers, cloud operators, governments, and enterprises to scale network bandwidth, accelerate service innovation, and automate network operations. Infinera solutions deliver industry-leading economics and performance in long-haul, submarine, data center interconnect, and metro transport applications. To learn more about Infinera, visit www.infinera.com, follow us on X and LinkedIn, and subscribe for updates.
References:
Telenor Deploys 5G xHaul Transport Network from Cisco and NEC; xHaul & ITU-T G.8300 Explained
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